欧陆哲学女性主义 continental philosophy (Dilek Huseyinzadegan, Jana McAuliffe, Jameliah Inga Shorter-Bourhanou, B. Tamsin Kimoto, Ege Selin Islekel, Marie Draz, and Erika Brown)

首次发表于 2020 年 11 月 10 日星期二

欧陆女性主义指的是通过哲学和世界中所谓“欧陆”哲学传统的人物和方法以及对这一传统的批判性介入来处理女性主义议题的一种方法。当今哲学中的欧陆传统指的是来自欧洲大陆的十九和二十世纪的一系列人物和理论传统,作为美国英语哲学家区别于分析传统对哲学问题处理方式的一种方式。通过利用欧陆传统的一个或多个标志性模式,欧陆女性主义者为从形而上学、认识论、美学、伦理学到社会和政治哲学等问题领域做出贡献。因此,欧陆女性主义指的是一个由女性主义者对主流欧陆人物(主要来自所谓的“欧陆欧洲”,如黑格尔、莱文纳斯、德里达、福柯)的解读;对精神分析、现象学、解构主义、系谱学和批判理论的女性主义运用;以及对欧洲女性主义者和人物(如德·博伏尔、伊里格拉、阿伦特、克里斯特娃)的解读组成的一套工作体系和风格。然而,需要注意的是,欧洲并不是也从未是一个大陆,从这个意义上讲,欧陆女性主义,就像欧陆哲学一样,更像是一种想象中的方法、人物和传统的共同体,或者说是一个总称,而非一个精确的术语。

Elaine Miller 指出,“欧陆哲学”这一术语于 2007 年在美国开始流行(Miller 2017);她将其定义为,欧陆哲学

涉及对哲学概念的历史性承诺,包括它们产生时的有时令人不适的背景,相信通过对文本的审查可以追溯思想的系谱,并可以制定对其进行批判性回应的资源,并且“经典”受到不断的再审问和重构。(Miller 2017: 154)

在艾莉森·斯通(Allison Stone)的术语中,

描述世界真实状态的方式并非将其视为静态项目的集合,而是将其视为一个不断变化的关系网络,这需要使用陌生且困难的语言。 (Stone 2015: 4)

大陆女性主义的一个显著特征,米勒和斯通认为,是它

体现了一种拒绝一开始就优先考虑清晰和简洁论证的态度,而是通过语言承认所涉问题的复杂性、困难性和问题性。(Miller 2017: 154; Stone 2015: 2)

作为开始解决欧美中心主义偏见的一种方式,由 Kyoo Lee 和 Alyson Cole 提出的欧陆哲学中的跨欧陆女性主义转向旨在融入对女性主义问题和理论的全球视角。

“trans”作为一个标记,用于表示不断流动的地缘文化思想,如“跨大西洋”,“跨太平洋”,“跨洋”,等等,以及用于前沿作品、对话和辩论,涉及跨批判、文化、学科、人类、性别、基因、语言、媒体、国家领域等,以及跨*女性主义话语。(Cole and Lee 2019: iv)

因此,本文将欧陆哲学主义定义为包括以下一系列独立但相关的问题和领域:(1) 女性主义对现象学/存在主义、精神分析、后结构主义(解构和系谱学)以及批判理论的人物、传统和方法的运用;(2) 对欧洲哲学中关于性别、性别、阶级、种族、能力、宗教和年龄的假设进行批判性介入;以及(3) 从跨大陆和跨大西洋的视角对迄今为止未被代表的女性主义人物和方法进行解释,建立新的、被抛弃的或先前被否定的女性主义思想系谱。

并非所有欧陆哲学女性主义者都是哲学家或在哲学系工作;因此,欧陆哲学女性主义是跨学科的,其实践者来自各个领域。随着这一子领域在 21 世纪初的发展,已经有了利用现象学、精神分析、解构和批判理论方法探讨女性主义议题的学科内、学科间和学科外项目。与其围绕欧陆传统的标志性模式组织这一条目,并将使用这些方法的持续工作纳入其中,本条目将把欧陆女性主义的关键谱系定位在黑人女性主义者、后殖民女性主义者、有色人种女性主义者、亚裔美国女性主义者、跨性别女性主义者和酷儿女性主义者的工作中。我们认为这些谱系对欧陆女性主义的过去、现在和未来至关重要,因此本条目按主题组织,以概述欧陆女性主义如何与这些跨学科项目对话并紧张发展。这些项目一直在揭示哲学作为一门学科和一个专业领域的顺性别主义、性别歧视/厌女主义、种族主义、异性恋主义、阶级主义、年龄主义、能力主义和殖民承诺,同时也在扩展、转变和推动欧陆思想的关注和方法在跨学科中的演变。事实上,欧陆女性主义与分析女性主义的明显区别在于其呼吁跨学科性,并相信女性主义的遗漏本身可以成为启动新项目的地点,这一点将贯穿本条目。因此,欧陆女性主义从一个前提开始,即欧洲或盎格鲁-美国的规范和思维范畴可以被解释、批判、重新构想或为女性主义目的而放弃。


欧陆哲学的特征

欧陆哲学家与其他欧陆思想家一样,对密切阅读感兴趣,通过仔细的诠释来揭示文本的深层含义,关注其语言和历史的特殊性。然而,为了利用一个在很大程度上假定而非探讨性别对物质生活的影响的哲学传统,欧陆女性主义者经常以不敬的态度阅读,专注于传统哲学可能忽视的问题。尽管所有女性主义理论都涉及权力、主体性和文化的问题,欧陆女性主义者对这些问题的处理往往是批判性的,因为他们探讨外部权力动态如何影响内在经验的构成,以及体验和主观权力的再表述如何能够并应该在追求正义的过程中改变世界。这经常涉及将生活经验视为批判哲学的重要组成部分;正如盖尔·韦斯所说,

只有通过审视经验的“普通”维度,才有可能理解赋予个体生命意义的动态力量,这些力量既是实现持久社会变革的障碍,也是载体。(Weiss 2008: 5)

为了概述欧陆女性主义在其历史上的特征,本节着重讨论了欧陆女性主义者在其项目中运用的方法来参与具身体经验。对传统西方哲学倾向于将感受的身体和思考的头脑二分的性别批判是欧陆女性主义中一个持续的主题(参见有关身体的女性主义观点的条目)。这里所呈现的描述并不完整,因为这类女性主义项目的具体目标和方法在很大程度上存在差异,最重要的是在性别和性别分析如何受到种族、性取向和能力等具身体经验其他方面的影响方面。本节首先探讨了一些欧陆女性主义者通过在工作中涉及情感和情绪来质疑心灵-身体区分的方式。接下来,它探讨了欧陆传统中的两个例子,即精神分析和现象学如何成为欧陆女性主义项目中的批判资源。最后,它呈现了一些涉及对文化和日常经验持续批判的工作,作为女性主义理论化的一个重要方面。

许多欧陆哲学的女性主义者关注通过情感、情绪和感受的概念来描述心理和身体经验的叠加。特蕾莎·布伦南(Brennan 2004: 5)将情感描述为“伴随判断而发生的生理变化”。 “情感的传递”描述了一个人如何能够感染另一个人的情绪;这种经历“在社会上起源,但在生物和物理上产生影响”(Brennan 2004: 3)。 布伦南将传递描述为“一个人的情绪或情感,以及这些情感所带来的增强或抑制能量”从一个人传递到另一个人(Brennan 2004: 3)。 因此,情感是描述社会经验如何通过能量的传递影响主体的肉体生活的一种方式。 在布伦南的案例中,情感状态是有方向性的;它们不是中立的,而是对主体施加影响或压力。 与此同时,像情感和感受这样的术语可能根据一个人认为情感已经编码或受到社会意义影响的程度而加以区分(参见艾哈迈德 2010: 230–231,Seigworth & Gregg 2010,尤其是 5–8)。

欧陆哲学女性主义项目经常分析具有历史背景的情感体验。Ann Cvetkovich 以一种方式参与创伤,这种方式

侧重于日常生活和隐匿之处……并将其置于社会文化框架中,而非医学框架中。(Cvetkovich 2007: 464)

然后,她提出了一种政治性的抑郁症描述,将这种带有负面含义的情感体验去病态化,使其能够在公共领域更加可见,从而为社区创造潜在基础(Cvetkovich 2007: 460)。在《情感的文化政治》中,Sara Ahmed 认为情感是在社会政治互动中产生意义时产生的;这些情感创造了亲和力群体的界限,并影响了自我理解。在这种分析中,情感有助于构成一个人理解为其客观状况的内容,从而然后,她提出了一种政治性的抑郁症描述,将这种带有负面含义的情感体验去病态化,使其能够在公共领域更加可见,从而为社区创造潜在基础(Cvetkovich 2007: 460)。在《情感的文化政治》中,Sara Ahmed 认为情感是在社会政治互动中产生意义时产生的;这些情感创造了亲和力群体的界限,并影响了自我理解。在这种分析中,情感有助于构成一个人理解为其客观状况的内容,从而

情绪不是“在”个体或社会中,而是产生了允许各种对象被勾勒出来的表面和边界。(Ahmed 2004 [2014: 10])

由于情感常常是矛盾和多面的,而不是尽管这种复杂性,关注情感如何在文本和社会政治论证中被运用和操纵的社会评论家可以产生批评,这些批评扰乱了“好”经验和“坏”经验之间的简单二分法。

精神分析启发的项目使用创伤、哀悼、忧郁和放逐等概念来分析具身体经验(Irigaray 1974 [1985]; Spillers 1996; Butler 1997; Felman 2002; Oliver 2004; psychoanalytic feminism 条目)。它们经常将美学作为社会批判的一个方面(Chanter 2008; Kristeva 1980 [1982]; Miller 2014)。这使得对情感的症状性阅读能够被解释为对社会秩序的反思,正如 Judith Butler 在《战争的框架》中所展示的那样。在这本著作中,Butler 分析了何为可悲的生命,并认为谁被视为人类、谁的生命应受到保护、谁不是,这些问题都在任何特定政治决策之前通过一种先验情感的操控来预先确定(Butler 2009 [2016: 64])。通过欧陆哲学的女性主义解释来补充民主理论,Noëlle McAfee 运用 Kristeva 及其思想中的资源,以及精神分析,特别是关于情感和“政治潜意识”概念的问题(McAfee 2000 和 2008)。

关键现象学家借鉴现象学的方法来展示“权力如何通过我们的身体和生活中的多种方式流动”(《导言》,韦斯、墨菲和萨拉蒙,2020 年:xiv)。Lisa Guenther 将关键现象学理解为一种哲学实践方式和政治行动方式(Guenther,2020 年:15)。最具特色的是,Guenther 认为关键现象学采用了重新构建的版本。

梅洛-庞蒂的身体图式概念用于解释性别和性别图式(Simone de Beauvoir,Iris Marion Young,Talia Mae Bettcher,Gayle Salamon),种族化图式(Frantz Fanon,Lewis Gordon,Sara Ahmed,George Yancy,Alia Al-Saji),残疾图式(Kay Toombs,Lisa Diedrich,Havi Carel)以及生活经验的其他方面。(Guenther 2020: 13–14)

最近由盖尔·韦斯(Gail Weiss)、安·V·墨菲(Ann V. Murphy)和盖尔·萨拉蒙(Gayle Salamon)编辑的一本名为《50 个关键现象学概念》(2020)的专著表明,批判现象学的许多核心概念与欧陆哲学相交汇。

最后,考虑到内在状态的社会和政治重要性以及日常权力体验的核心化,使欧陆哲学家能够探索文化的发展。例如,Shannon Sullivan 的《好白人:中产阶级反种族主义的问题》关注种族的具身经验,批判白人自由派通过虚伪的宽容方式维持白人统治,将自己塑造为无私的“好”白人(S. Sullivan 2014: 4)。Robin James 的《韧性与忧郁》探讨流行音乐作为分析新自由主义生命政治影响的一种方式;她将音乐理论与精神分析和福柯哲学相结合,批判与多种族白人至上主义父权制的共谋,并认为音乐,例如蕾哈娜的音乐,提供了对抗这种压迫性权力的策略(R. James 2015)。在《帝国时代的讽刺:哲学与自由的喜剧视角》中,Cynthia Willett 运用电影和单口喜剧来阐述自由的性欲理解,以对抗自由主义个人主义的范式,将自由定义为“平等和团结”的概念(Willett 2008: 14)。Erin Tarver 分析体育迷的实践,特别关注美国南部的橄榄球、棒球和篮球迷,以更好地理解个人和群体身份是如何维持的,以“支持、再生产,偶尔颠覆种族、性别和性别等级制度”(Tarver 2017: 3)。这项工作通常是跨学科的,其中一些项目在欧陆哲学和实用主义女性主义之间的交叉点上工作(参见实用主义和欧陆女性主义之间的交叉点条目)。

同时仔细阅读并不恭敬地,欧陆哲学女性主义者通过将历史背景下的情感融入其项目中,使用和转化哲学传统和传统人物,并审视其具体的体验和文化特定性,深化了对经验的哲学阐述。这项工作坚持认为,意义和社会秩序通过在各种交叉点星座中未被认可的剽窃、屈从或排斥而发挥作用。总的来说,欧陆女性主义者不太关心改变女性在象征或社会体系中的地位,而更专注于颠覆这些体系,将在接下来的章节中更详细地探讨。

2. 欧陆哲学和黑人女性主义思想

这一部分关于黑人和欧陆女性主义思想之间的交汇始于对黑人女性主义学术研究历史的讨论,利用存在主义/现象学、精神分析、批判和解释学方法。然后介绍交叉性作为黑人女性主义理论化的主要启发,并最后强调黑人研究和黑人女性主义欧陆哲学思想之间新兴领域和交汇点。

黑人女性长期以来一直是欧陆哲学传统的贡献者。有人可能会认为,她们对专业哲学的贡献始于第一位获得哲学博士学位的黑人女性乔伊斯·米切尔·库克(Joyce Mitchell Cook)毕业之后,她于 1965 年从普林斯顿大学获得了该学位。然而,甚至在这个日期之前,黑人女性就参与了我们可以认可为欧陆女性主义项目的工作。重要的是,

许多美国的黑人知识分子,至少可以追溯到 19 世纪,提出了现在被描述为存在主义、现象学和/或谱系分析的种族和种族主义分析。(Belle 2012, 329 fn. 1)

这些贡献并非总是以传统哲学讨论的形式出现,也不总是由那些拥有哲学专业学位的人创造,这在 19 世纪和 20 世纪初的思想家索杰娜·特鲁斯、玛丽亚·W·斯图尔特和安娜·茱莉亚·库珀身上显然是真实的。

黑人女性主义者对欧陆哲学的贡献表明了她们的声音对于塑造和拓展这一学科的重要性。Kathryn Sophia Belle, Donna-Dale Marcano, 和 Maria del Guadalupe Davidson 编辑了《Convergences: Black Feminism and Continental Philosophy》(del Guadalupe 等人,2010 年),这是唯一一本同时涉及这两个主题的文献。对于编辑们来说,融合的概念通过黑人女性与欧陆哲学的自然、历史和必要的互动得到了展示。Belle 写道,

黑人女性主义者和女权主义者思想家不可避免地涉及到与近期欧陆哲学中提出的代理权、身份、异化、权力等问题完全相同的问题。同样,从康德到当代女性主义思想家,欧陆哲学在某种程度上涉及到种族和性别问题。(2010: 5)

在欧陆哲学中的黑人女性主义传统表明,黑人女性并不是欧陆哲学的陌生人或敌人;相反,她们独特的理论定位使她们有机会利用、挑战和拓展这一传统。

黑人女性主义思想家至少以两种方式为欧陆女性主义思想做出贡献。首先,她们直接与欧陆哲学家和理论进行互动。例如,Lorraine Hansberry 评论说,西蒙娜·德·波伏娃的《第二性》(1949 年,1953 年翻译)可以说是“本世纪最重要的作品”(1957 年 [1995:129 和 133]),安的列斯思想家 Paulette Nardal 借鉴了哈莱姆文艺复兴的特点和存在主义思想家如让-保罗·萨特,提供了一个现象学和系谱学的描述,说明黑人种族,尤其是安的列斯人是如何理解自己的种族意识概念的,《种族意识的觉醒》(1932 年)。最近,她们与欧陆哲学的经典人物和意识形态进行互动,比如 Kathryn Sophia Belle 关于汉娜·阿伦特(2014 年)或 Kris Sealey 关于艾曼纽尔·莱文纳斯(2014 年)的研究。其次,无论她们是否拥有专业的哲学学位,黑人女性主义思想家都利用欧陆传统的工具作为她们跨学科方法的一部分,比如西尔维亚·温特(2003 年)使用福柯的作品,以及 Hortense Spillers(1996 年)在作品中使用弗洛伊德、拉康和精神分析。

黑人女性主义思想家经常将交叉性视为与欧陆哲学对话的有效切入点。交叉性是一种黑人女性主义理论,描述了黑人女性由于处于种族、性别、阶级和性取向等同时影响的身份交汇点而经历的压迫。因此,交叉性可以被用作一种现象学工具来描述黑人女性对压迫的生活体验。尽管法律理论家金伯莱·克伦肖在 1989 年创造了这个术语,但这一理论至少自 19 世纪中叶以来就已被阐述,如索杰纳·特鲁斯的宣言“我不也是个女人吗?”(1851 年)。在演讲中,特鲁斯强调,黑人女性受到的尊重要少于白人女性,同时承担着与黑人男性一样的种族主义负担。安娜·朱莉娅·库珀写道,黑人女性被视为“女人”时,她们的地位更低。

面对一个女性问题和一个种族问题,这在两者中都是一个未知或未被承认的因素。 (1892 [1988: 134])

在 1977 年 4 月的集体声明中,康巴希河集体(The Combahee River Collective)认为

黑人女性主义是一种逻辑政治运动,旨在对抗所有有色女性同时面临的多重压迫

并且那

[t] here is also undeniably a personal genesis for Black feminism, that is, the political realization that comes from the seemingly personal experiences of individual Black women’s lives. (Taylor 2017: 15 and 17)

Intersectionality 是黑人女性主义思想的标志,因为它优先考虑了黑人女性的生活经验。通过这样做,它提供了思考一个人意识到底在多大程度上受到种族主义、性别歧视、阶级主义和恐同的经验影响的工具。

除了在解释黑人女性的生活经验方面具有实用性之外,交叉性还为黑人女性提供了批判女性主义被假定为白人和资产阶级身份以及对抗各种形式的压迫和暴力的工具。因此,交叉性对批判现象学分析也至关重要,即通过种族、性别和阶级等社会政治身份的视角分析生活经验和女性主义运动。安吉拉·戴维斯(Angela Davis)的著作《妇女、种族与阶级》(1981)是这种方法的早期模式;它详细介绍了美国妇女运动的历史以及对阶级和种族维度对女性身份的考虑或忽视。帕特里夏·希尔-柯林斯(Patricia Hill-Collins)的著作《黑人女性主义思想:知识、意识和赋权政治》(1990 [2015])强调了黑人女性通过她们的生活经验创造自己的认识论立场的方式。在 20 世纪 70 年代到 90 年代,当黑人女性对学术界的贡献达到顶峰时,像芭芭拉·克里斯蒂安(Barbara Christian)在《理论之争》(1988)、托尼·莫里森(Toni Morrison)在《黑暗中的游戏》(1992)以及奥德丽·洛德(Audre Lorde)在《主人的工具永远不会拆除主人的房屋》(1984a)和《年龄、种族、阶级和性别:重新定义差异的女性》(1984b)中,展示了黑人女性对采取“中立”立场的理论方法的批评,其中中立意味着假定所有女性都是白人、中产阶级、年轻或中年以及异性恋者(另见 Hull、Bell-Scott 和 Smith 1982)。

当前的黑人女性主义工作聚焦于黑人认识论、实践和概念。黑人女性哲学家日益增长的学术研究继续推动欧陆哲学的边界,例如林赛·斯图尔特(Lindsey Stewart)在 2017 年关于黑人女性主义自由实践的研究,卡米莎·拉塞尔(Camisha Russell)在 2018 年关于辅助生殖中种族和性别问题的研究,以及阿克塞尔·卡雷拉(Axelle Karera)在 2019 年关注人类世和反黑人主义的研究。除了与欧陆传统的经典人物对话,黑人思想家还从自己的视角和世界经验以及理论档案中汲取哲学。许多最近的工作与黑人研究相交融。来自哲学以外学科的黑人思想家正在与欧陆哲学和女性主义方法相交融,如赛迪娅·哈特曼(Saidiya Hartman)(1997、2007 和 2019 年)、克里斯蒂娜·夏普(Christina Sharpe)(2016 年)、里兹瓦娜·布拉德利(Rizvana Bradley)(2014 和 2018 年)、詹妮弗·纳什(Jennifer Nash)(2019 年)、丹尼斯·费雷拉·达·席尔瓦(Denise Ferreira da Silva)(2007、2014 和 2018 年)、赖利·斯诺顿(Riley Snorton)(2017 年)、塞拉玛维特·特雷菲(Selamawit Terrefe)(2020 年)和扎基亚·伊曼·杰克逊(Zakiyyah Iman Jackson)(2020 年)。

欧陆哲学 女性主义 和 后殖民思想

大陆女性主义对殖民主义问题的探讨主要围绕两个主要调查集:一方面,对西方霸权的质疑作为一个战略性地排斥和贬低被视为非西方社区的抽象范畴(Spivak 1999; Narayan 1997; Mohanty 1984);另一方面,关于殖民性的问题,重点放在从美洲殖民开始的全球政治和认识秩序(Lugones 2003; Wynter 1995; Ortega 2016)。为此,这些方法都使用了大陆传统的模式(如现象学、精神分析、系谱学、解构主义和后结构主义),并质疑了支撑欧陆哲学的地理和种族假设。对于这两种方法,对殖民主义的分析与挑战和撤销殖民世界的政治目标是不可分割的。这一挑战包括通过关注个人和社区的具体生活经验来解构殖民决定的地球范畴(如东西、西非、发达-不发达、第一世界-第三世界、南北)。本节重点介绍了这两种大陆女性主义方法的一般特征,分别归类为后殖民和去殖民女性主义,前者侧重于标志着殖民关系的西非分裂,后者侧重于殖民性关系中出现的南北对话。最后强调了联合思维,这是后殖民和去殖民女性主义方法的基本特征。

后殖民女性主义方法认为,为了审视西方的霸权,有必要解构其排斥非西方主体的方式。此外,这种部署总是具有战略性,因为“西方”并非一个具体的地理范畴,西方主体性的范式是通过划定那些不符合其中的人而不断建立起来的。后殖民女性主义是跨学科的,不仅限于哲学领域,它们挑战着潜在于西方主体霸权之下的性别、种族和地理类别的铭刻。在这个过程中,欧陆女性主义方法与后结构主义和批判理论的人物(如福柯、德里达、德勒兹和阿多诺)进行互动,并运用系谱学和解构等方法(Spivak 1988; Mohanty 1984),以质疑这些方法背后的地理和性别假设。例如,在《后殖民主体能否言说?》中,盖亚特里·查克拉沃蒂·斯皮瓦克与法国后结构主义展开互动,质疑了否定那些不符合西方主体性地理、种族和性别边界的人拥有抵抗等能力的言说/理性范式(Spivak 1988)。通过这样做,她突显了后结构主义依赖于其表面上批判的那些范畴(言说、理性或普遍主体性)的方式。

Spivak 所强调的紧张关系,即西方主体既构成主导主体又是唯一能够抵抗的主体,构成了后殖民女性主义对西方与现代性、进步对齐的批判(McClintock 1995; Stoler 1995)。在《西方眼中》一文中,Chandra Talpade Mohanty 批评了西方方法在定义女性斗争范围和目标方面的霸权。在这种意义上,像面纱辩论这样的问题指向了非西方女性的政治和现象学种族化(Al-Saji 2010; Sheth 2006)。同时,Uma Narayan 提醒人们注意将非西方范畴异化的风险,并强调这种异化仍然停留在殖民决定的分歧中(Narayan 1997; Narayan & Harding 2000)。Namita Goswami 在《重要的主体》中,将异质性作为一种概念连续性,连接了女性主义、哲学和后殖民研究,这使得我们能够理解差异超越对立和对抗性术语的可能性(Goswami 2019)。

解殖民女性主义主要源自美国拉丁裔和拉丁裔 X 的背景,并具有不同的谱系,因为它们与拉美哲学、欧陆哲学、英美思想以及特别是美国有色女性主义进行对话。关注南北对话,拉美和拉丁裔女性主义哲学家如 Ofelia Schutte 参与尼采、克里斯蒂娃和伊里加雷等人的作品,同时发展拉美哲学作为美国学术哲学领域(Schutte 1984; 1993; 更多信息,请参阅拉美女性主义条目)。例如,Linda Martín Alcoff 将拉美哲学(特别是恩里克·杜塞尔的作品)与存在主义和后结构主义对话,以发展拉丁裔女性主义的框架(Alcoff 2006, 2015)。

“去殖民化女性主义”的一个主要框架是“权力的殖民性”,这个术语最早由安尼巴尔·基哈诺引入,并被定义为“围绕种族观念对世界人口的社会分类”(基哈诺 2000: 1)。从这个意义上讲,美洲的殖民化不仅是一个历史时刻,也是种族的出现以及随后根据沃尔特·米尼奥洛所称的“殖民差异”重新组织全球的产物,这表明欧洲被定位为全球霸权力量(米尼奥洛 2002)。去殖民化女性主义采取交叉性方法来研究权力的殖民性,并探讨,正如玛丽亚·卢戈内斯所说,“沿‘种族’线出现主导性性别安排”的产生,始于美洲的殖民化(卢戈内斯 2007: 190)。卢戈内斯和温特等去殖民化女性主义者将后结构主义批判与拉丁美洲哲学对话,并主张主导性别安排本身是殖民的;这些安排,如父权制、异性恋主义或性别二态性,标志着具体的历史过程,即性别规范的种族铭刻,始于并伴随着权力的殖民性(卢戈内斯 2008; Oyěwùmí 2007; 温特 2006)。

解殖民女性主义对历史批判的强调与对有色女性的具体生活经验的关注是分不开的(Moraga and Anzaldúa 1981 [2015]; Pérez 1999; Lugones 2007, Sandoval 2000)。格洛丽亚·安萨尔杜亚在《边界/边境》中强调边界思维是当代压迫系统的基本逻辑,并制定了混合身份的抵抗,这些身份既源于边界思维,又对其做出回应(Anzaldúa 1987)。玛丽安娜·奥尔特加通过强调边界和流亡的生活经验以及通过这些经验开发“家庭战术”来抵抗的方式,发展了拉丁女性主义现象学(Ortega 2016)。

联盟思维是后殖民和解殖女性主义方法的基本方面。莫汉蒂呼吁跨越边界进行联盟,通过思考具体的生活经验,并强调了理解霸权权力关系中的定位和本地斗争的重要性。莫拉加和安萨尔杜阿在他们合编的作品《这座桥叫做我的背影》中,呼吁建立基于对女性生活交叉理解的具体和持续的联盟,而不是对姐妹情谊的抽象呼吁。解殖女性主义者如卢戈内斯、切拉·桑多瓦尔、奥尔特加和艾玛·佩雷斯认为,联盟思维对于任何反殖或解殖斗争都不能是事后想法(Pérez 1999; Sandoval 2000)。

随着欧陆哲学的扩展,它涉及与这些方法之间的进一步对话。围绕欧陆女性主义的“大陆”以及这样一个大陆如何位于西方和全球北部的殖民地地理边界的问题,仍在受到挑战。随着这样一种思想流动的空间开放,关于联盟可能性的进一步对话,以及对挑战殖民思想局限性的讨论继续重塑欧陆女性主义的面貌。

欧陆哲学女性主义与酷儿理论/有色酷儿批评

欧陆哲学的女性主义与酷儿理论之间的关系既具有生产力又充满挑战。虽然远非详尽,本文首先将突出两个领域之间的一些重叠人物和方法,包括它们交汇处的学术研究示例。然后简要介绍它们之间的紧张关系之一。最后,将对这些领域之间共享的问题进行一些反思,包括它们历史上白人和盎格鲁-欧洲中心主义的方法,以及酷儿批判中的种族批判如何与欧陆哲学指向新方向。

在 20 世纪 80 年代末和 90 年代初,“酷儿”作为一种对同性恋侮辱性用语的重新定义,成为被边缘化群体联合起来反抗正常之暴政的呼声(Barker & Scheele 2016; D. Hall & Jagose 2012; Warner 1993; Sedgwick 1993; Anzaldúa 1991 [2009])。在艾滋病危机的熔炉中形成,“酷儿”旨在引起对那些被视为超出正常范畴的性别/性取向实践的关注,这一危机加剧了对被排斥在与性别和性取向相关的规范之外的人们所经历的暴力的理解的迫切性。在酷儿理论的一个谱系中,该领域将这种早期的活动主义对“酷儿”一词的重新定义发展为对规范如何在主导性身份概念中运作的广泛批判。鉴于解构的这种激励动机,或者说对性取向等范畴进行非自然化的动机,也许并不奇怪,酷儿理论在历史上一直是一个人才济济的领域(例如,拉康,福柯,德里达)和方法论途径(后结构主义,精神分析,现象学),这些都与欧陆哲学,尤其是 20 世纪欧洲哲学有关。

酷儿理论经常借鉴、批判和拓展许多被视为欧陆女性主义早期奠基人的思想和方法(例如,博沃亚尔,伊里格拉,克里斯特娃,女性主义现象学,女性主义后结构主义,批判理论,精神分析理论)。然而,正如 Jagose(2009)所指出的那样,对规范性身份类别的批判并非由酷儿理论发明,因为女性主义学术在根本上打破了关于种族和性取向的女性类别的历史悠久。此外,女性主义和酷儿理论之间的界限在历史上是模糊的。例如,被广泛引用为酷儿理论创始人的朱迪斯·巴特勒明确将她的早期工作标记为发生在这些领域的交叉点上(以及其他一些批判性话语)(1997)。在《性别麻烦》(1990)和《物质化的身体》(1993)中,巴特勒借鉴了伊里格拉,博沃亚尔和克里斯特娃等欧陆女性主义人物,以及从精神分析到后结构主义和现象学等方法,发展了一个同时关注性别和性取向关系以及更广泛的规范和身份类别运作的酷儿和女性主义理论视角(Salih 2002)。

米歇尔·福柯是大陆女性主义和酷儿理论之间关系的另一位重要人物,他在酷儿和大陆(特别是后结构主义)女性主义理论中被广泛使用,但与巴特勒相反,他并没有明确使用酷儿和女性主义这两个术语。虽然对福柯与酷儿理论之间的联系进行更全面的阐述超出了本文的范围,但这种关系是丰富多彩的。在上世纪 80 年代末,福柯的《性的历史第一卷》被活动人士和学者大量阅读,质疑围绕性取向和身份的主导叙事(Halperin 1995);福柯的作品不仅对朱迪斯·巴特勒的《性别麻烦》(1990)产生了影响,也对另一篇经常被引用为酷儿理论基础的文本产生了影响,即伊夫·塞奇威克的《壁橱的认识论》(1990 [2008])。

福柯对身份的系谱学方法,包括他对现代性别观念中运作的权力历史和模式的探索,对许多在女性主义和酷儿理论交叉领域工作的当代学者至关重要(Huffer 2010 和 2020; Russell 2010; Sawicki 2005; Schotten 2018; Winnubst 2006)。例如,Ladelle McWhorter(1999)采用福柯对伦理学的描述,作为自我实践,或者我们如何通过一个抵抗预期发展轨迹和生活规范时间表的酷儿框架来塑造自己,成为特定类型的人(例如,异性伴侣导致婚姻和子女)。另一方面,Jasbir Puar(2007)利用福柯的权力理论(以及广泛的跨学科理论,包括后殖民女性主义理论)来分析当代生命权力和同性恋民族主义之间的关系,或者是如何通过将自己与美国帝国主义结盟的某些“好”同性恋者,被欢迎进入国家。

与欧陆女性主义相关的人物并没有必然将自己或其作品标记为酷儿,他们也被用于酷儿理论项目,就像女性主义者在历史上与许多非女性主义哲学家一样。例如,酷儿研究学者探讨了伊里加雷在酷儿理论中的相对缺席,主张她思想的酷儿资源(Huffer 2013; Winnubst 2006),关注伊里加雷打破二元对立对酷儿身份分析的潜在用途(Butler 1993: 36–39; Grosz 1989),并使用伊里加雷的概念发展对长期存在的女性主义问题的酷儿分析,比如哺乳经验(R. Lee 2018)。

现象学方法也可以追踪欧陆哲学和女性主义之间的联系。例如,Sara Ahmed 的《酷儿现象学》(2006)探讨了现象学在酷儿研究中的运用,提出了诸如如何理解性取向的“定向”等问题,即身体如何朝向特定对象并远离其他对象。在发展这种酷儿现象学的运用时,Ahmed 承认自己受到了身体女性主义哲学家(如 Sandra Bartky、Iris Marion Young、Rosalyn Diprose 和 Gail Weiss)以及早期现象学家(如德·博伊沃尔和种族现象学家 Linda Alcoff、Frantz Fanon 和 Lewis Gordon)的启发。

鉴于大陆女性主义和酷儿理论中人物和方法的重叠,值得探讨这两种方法的区别是什么。人们可能会倾向于认为女性主义更注重性别(在大陆女性主义中,这可能更常被讨论为性别差异),而酷儿理论更注重性取向(包括快乐、欲望和色情等问题)。然而,许多从事大陆女性主义研究的人,尤其是受到法国理论影响的人,也关注与性取向相关的问题,如快乐、欲望和色情。同时,对性别-性取向分裂被描述为女性主义-酷儿分裂的说法也存在怀疑的理由。虽然一些人认为有充分理由区分这些领域以充分尊重它们各自的关注点(G. Rubin 2011; Halley 2006),但也有许多人对过度程式化的这种分裂形式提出挑战(Huffer 2013),以及对这种叙事如何忽视该领域对理解性别和性取向之间复杂关系的共同兴趣,以及酷儿女性主义的可能性提出异议(Jagose 2009)。然而,尽管人物和档案中存在重叠,以及酷儿理论中关于大陆女性主义哲学家所关注的主题的丰富资源(如时间性、具身性、身份和欲望等),明确标记为酷儿理论的文本相对较慢地被接受(Winnubst 2010)。这并不是要抹去这些领域交叉点上所做的重要工作,而是承认这种关系并不是一种无缝的关系。在她们对“大陆女性主义圆桌讨论”的引言中,Lynne Huffer 和 Shannon Winnubst(2017)指出了对酷儿理论的相对缺乏关注,并询问大陆女性主义是否足够包容酷儿理论,这也是对更广泛哲学界提出的问题(Ahmed 2016b; Salamon 2009; Winnubst 2010)。

最后,欧陆哲学的女性主义和酷儿理论也受到了广泛批评,因为它们的档案具有白人特性和盎格鲁-欧洲中心性。在这一批评中,卡西·科恩(Cathy Cohen)尤为著名地质疑酷儿理论是否实现了跨越差异创造联盟的反认同主义承诺(2005 年)。为了介入酷儿理论的白人特性(约翰逊和亨德森,2005 年),罗德里克·弗格森(Roderick Ferguson,2004 年)创造了“有色酷儿批评”这一术语,描述了种族、性别、性取向和阶级的各种交叉如何在民族主义身份和归属的话语中运作;正如弗格森所言,

一个由有色女性主义、唯物主义分析、后结构主义理论和酷儿批评构成的异质企业。 (Ferguson 2004: 149)

其他值得注意的早期贡献者包括 José Muñoz、E. Patrick Johnson、Chandan Reddy 和 Gayatri Gopinath。尽管关于种族酷儿批评中的身份认同、具身性、时间性和情感等主题也是欧陆女性主义关注的核心主题,但与酷儿理论一样,种族酷儿批评在欧陆女性主义中的接受速度较慢。然而,随着欧陆女性主义的扩展——正如本文所展示的——酷儿理论和种族酷儿批评的资源正在等待时机,它们是至关重要的对话者,尽管有时被低估。

像欧陆哲学一样,酷儿理论和酷儿色彩批评延续了长期以来的女性主义传统,将文本和思想引向也许从未打算前往的方向。在欧陆女性主义和酷儿研究的交汇点上,最近的发展包括对新自由资本主义的关注(Winnubst 2015; McWhorter 2012),古希腊形而上学中的性别和性别(Bianchi 2014),批判性残障理论(Puar 2017; K. Hall 2014; Yergeau 2018; 和 Gallop 2019),拉丁女性主义和存在主义现象学(Ortega 2016),情感和时间性(Ahmed 2019; Amin 2017; Freeman 2019),以及唯物主义和代理概念(Chen 2012)。正如在下一节中所探讨的,与欧陆女性主义和酷儿理论的另一个重要对话者是跨性别研究。

欧陆哲学 女性主义 和 跨性别研究

一些学者已经注意到跨性别、女性主义和酷儿框架之间共享和独特关注的复杂相互作用(Namaste 1996 和 2009; Prosser 1998; Heyes 2003; Salamon 2010a; Stryker 2004)。作为一个独立的学术研究领域在 1990 年代兴起,跨性别研究与酷儿理论有许多相同的思想根源,但也通过其明确关注跨性别经验而不同于酷儿研究,包括这种经验的非单一性质以及跨性别者自己讲述他们生活的重要性。同样,尽管许多欧陆哲学核心的理论框架和人物在跨性别研究中存在(例如,后结构主义、现象学、福柯的系谱学、唯物主义),但也有重要的批评指出欧陆女性主义方法如何忽视或边缘化跨性别经验。值得注意的是,许多在欧陆女性主义和跨性别研究领域工作的哲学家跨越了跨学科和学科内部的界限。

在探讨欧陆哲学女性主义与跨性别研究之间的关系时,关键是要承认跨性别恐惧和排斥跨性别的姿态在女性主义话语中可能呈现的形式。有关这一历史的详细概述,请参阅有关跨性别问题的女性主义视角条目。该条目解释了术语(跨性别、变性人、跨性别者、变性者)的要点,以及跨性别研究的历史出现以及女性主义和跨性别问题之间更广泛的(即非欧陆哲学特定的)关系。

在一种被广泛认可的女性主义排斥跨性别者的形式中(如珍妮丝·雷蒙德等排斥跨性别者的激进女权主义者的作品中),跨性别女性被描绘为不是“真正的”女性,并对女性主义运动构成威胁(贝彻等,2006 年,2007 年;麦金农,2018 年)。然而,还有另一种与跨性别问题有着独特关系的女性主义理论流派,(对于目前的目的来说)它是一种女性主义传统,深受欧陆哲学家(如巴特勒)的影响。尽管巴特勒的作品在跨性别研究以及酷儿理论中具有基础性作用是毫无疑问的(格德斯,2014 年;萨拉,2007 年),但她的作品也因其对跨性别经验的选择性使用而受到批评(普罗瑟,1998 年;纳马斯特,1996 年;H·鲁宾,1998 年)。批评者指出,在巴特勒式酷儿女权主义话语中,跨性别身份往往会得到肯定,因为它可以用来展示性别的实际建构性,或者其缺乏本体论的必要性,但也指出,当伴随着声称“真正是”男人或女人和/或要求进行医学转换时,一些跨性别身份被描绘为问题性本质主义(瓦伦泰,2012 年)。虽然普罗瑟和鲁宾都从现象学角度批评了这种对性别真实性主张的拒绝(普罗瑟,1998 年还从精神分析框架出发),纳马斯特(1996 年)则关注这些辩论中经常被忽视的性别制度现实。作为回应,杰克·哈尔伯斯塔姆认为,尽管普罗瑟对酷儿和女性主义理论中对跨性别身份的选择性使用感到沮丧是可以理解的,但性别真实性观念中固有的规范性仍然存在重大问题(2005 年)。

值得注意的是,20 世纪 90 年代非转型女性主义作家在跨性别问题上的增多导致了雅各布·哈尔(Jacob Hale)的《非跨性别者撰写关于跨性别者、跨性别、跨性别主义或跨性别问题的建议规则》(1997 年 [其他互联网资源])。在哈尔和跨性别研究兴起之后,重要的非转型女性主义分析包括克雷西达·海斯(Cressida Heyes)(2003 年)和娜奥米·舍曼(Naomi Scheman)(1996 年,2016 年),她们都阐明了关于顺性别和跨性别女性主义之间团结的理论基础。还有重要的例子,即顺性别女性主义理论家将跨性别问题直接纳入自己的工作中,作为严肃的对话者,而不是作为思想实验(艾哈迈德 2016b;科尔布鲁克 2015;肖特韦尔&桑格雷 2008),并与跨性别理论家合作(海斯&拉瑟姆 2018)。“顺性别”这一术语本身在过去二十年中也受到了更多学术关注(奥尔特曼 2014)。虽然该术语背后的最初意图是去自然化非跨性别主体位置,但并非所有学者都认为该术语成功地动摇了性别规范,特别是在这些规范被赋予种族属性的情况下(恩克 2012b)。

最近,在欧陆哲学和跨性别研究的交叉路口上建立了许多新的轨迹。许多哲学家在现象学和跨性别研究的交叉领域撰写了文章,特别是在批判现象学方面,强调在审视世界中事物如何呈现给我们时的压迫和权力问题(Weiss, Murphy, & Salamon 2020)。Ephraim Das Janssen 使用现象学,包括马丁·海德格尔的作品,来探讨跨性别经验告诉我们有关性别的什么(2017)。Megan Burke(2019)借用波伏儒的概念来探讨雌雄同体、跨性别身份和无性经验。Gayle Salamon 借鉴梅洛-庞蒂的作品,在《拉蒂莎·金的生与死》(2018a)中发展了一种关于恐跨症的现象学。Salamon 将早期现象学和跨性别研究的传统(H. Rubin 1998; Prosser 1998)与批判现象学融合在一起。Tamsin Kimoto(2018)还使用了梅洛-庞蒂和弗朗兹·芬农来探讨荷尔蒙转变和恐跨症。

在类似的情况下,精神分析学和跨性别研究的新工作也正在修订长期以来关于性别和性别的精神分析方法,包括对跨性别主体性的强制和病态化理论(Elliot 2014)的审视,并利用精神分析资源从较少病态化的角度理论化跨性别经验(Breslow 2017; Carlson 2010; Coffman 2017; Cavanagh 2010)。例如,Amy Ray Stewart 使用茱莉亚·克里斯蒂娃的“亲密反抗”概念来阐明跨性别和酷儿对心灵生活的体验(2017)。帕特里夏·盖罗维奇(2017)写了关于跨性别现象以及使用拉康理论和她自己与跨性别人士合作的临床经验来修订精神分析概念的必要性。Salamon(2010a)依赖于精神分析和现象学框架,也为巴特勒对性别的描述辩护,反驳了其对跨性别经验处理的批评,并发展了自己的精神分析和现象学描述,描述了性别的内在感觉与外部身体外表之间的不和谐,这与跨性别经验相一致。

大陆女性主义的基础人物与跨性别研究展开对话的作品也在涌现。Marie Draz(2018)将女性主义哲学对尼采的运用(例如 Butler(1990)和 Rosalyn Diprose(2002)的作品)与跨性别学者对性别范畴制度化的研究进行了对话,而 Tim Johnston(2015)则认为,尽管性别和性取向的学者们使用了 Irigaray 的资源来讨论跨性别和酷儿问题,但 Irigaray 自己声称本体论是有性别的,并且性别之间存在不可逾越的界限,这传达了一种无法挽救的顺性别主义,或者说是对非跨性别经验的优先。在类似的思路中,Oli Stephano(2019)批评了 Elizabeth Grosz 对性别差异不可简化的强调,展示了她的本体论使跨性别的具身和主体性无效。对 Grosz 的这一批评延续了 Eva Hayward(2017)关于 Grosz 的一些女性唯物主义论点存在排斥跨性别暗示的早期工作。Gayle Salamon 还批判性地审视了性别差异作为重新想象具身和物质性的限制在 Irigaray 和 Grosz 的作品中的运作方式(Salamon 2010a)。María Lugones 是大陆女性主义中广泛使用的人物,经常被引用于有关跨性别问题的学术著作(Bettcher 2014b;DiPietro 2019;Draz 2017a;Malatino 2019)。最后,与 Butler 一样,福柯在跨性别研究中的运用在过去几十年中也发生了巨大变化。例如,福柯关于现代权力类型的研究已被用来检视国家机构如何在性别隔离的机构和身份文件中管理法定性别范畴所导致的暴力(Spade 2011 [2015])。福柯式女性主义关于监狱和惩罚的描述也已与根植于跨性别和性别非符合经验的学术研究进行了对话(Dilts 2017;Vitulli 2018;Zurn 2016,2019)。

跨性别研究通过将欧陆哲学的工具运用于性别、性别和性取向问题,并反之亦然,继续探讨欧陆女性主义的基础问题,不断引导这些对话朝着新的方向发展。这项工作很大程度上受到其他批判理论领域的影响(例如,批判种族理论和去殖民化理论),并推动了欧陆女性主义的传统边界。例如,关于黑人和跨性别历史的最新学术研究已经阐明了发展能够理解种族化性别历史维度的框架的重要性(Snorton 2017),以及关于移民和拉丁裔跨性别人士的工作强调了需要关注我们政治理论的局限性以及有色人种跨性别人士产生新世界的生产能力(Pitts 2018)。关于欧陆女性主义与跨性别研究之间关系的当前讨论也必须关注学术界自身的物质条件,因为哲学领域对跨性别经验越来越关注并没有导致更多跨性别声音和跨性别学者(Bettcher 2018(其他互联网资源);Marvin 2019, 2020)。未来欧陆女性主义和跨性别研究的发展方向需要不仅关注这些对话中出现的引人入胜的哲学问题,还要关注允许跨性别学术蓬勃发展的具体物质条件的特定轮廓。

欧陆哲学主义与亚裔美国女性主义思想

本节探讨了欧陆哲学与亚裔美国女性主义思想之间的关系,包括两者之间的紧张关系以及这种关系对欧陆哲学带来的新方向。两个领域之间的一个重要交汇点是对亚裔美国女性生活经验的关注。本节首先讨论了亚裔美国女性由于面临的特定压迫形式,即东方化和模范少数族裔神话,而经历的过度可见性。然后突出了亚裔美国女性主义现象学家在其作品中追踪到的一种矛盾的隐形形式。接下来,本节考虑了亚裔美国女性在联合女性主义项目中的历史地位,特别关注亚裔美国女性被排斥为“跟班”群体的方式。最后,本节将突出欧陆哲学中与亚裔美国女性主义理论相关的最新学术研究,并借鉴了东方和西方传统。

从一开始就必须注意,“亚洲人”是一个异常宽泛的术语,被视为亚洲人/亚裔美国人的人群在历史上经常发生变化。根据亚裔美国妇女编纂的文集,回应这个问题,本节讨论了将其根源追溯到东亚、东南亚和印度次大陆的女性的身份(Asian Women United of California 1989; The Women of South Asian Descent Collective 1993)。

在《这座被称为我的背的桥》(Moraga & Anzaldúa 1981 [2015])中,亚裔美国思想家如 Genny Lim、Merle Woo、Nellie Wong 和 Mitsuye Yamada 通过探索自己对围绕性别认同、性取向、沉默、不归属感以及反抗亚裔美国女性被视为温顺、安静、易相处和顺从的刻板印象的主题的看法,建立了她们在女性主义理论中的立场。同样,在《我们称之为家的这座桥》(Anzaldúa & Keating 2002)中,Minh-ha T. Pham、Shirley Geok-Lin Lim 和 Jid Lee 从作为亚裔美国移民女性所面临的具体经历出发进行理论探讨,例如探索与移民到美国的亚洲母亲的联系,航行他们仍然保持的与一个可能从未访问过的土地的文化联系,以及在面对模范少数族群神话的同时生活并颠覆刻板印象。以亚裔美国和亚裔散居女性的视角为中心的文学对于亚裔美国女性主义理论至关重要,正如 Sonia Shah 所强调的那样。

亚裔美国女权主义运动是唯一能够持续代表亚裔美国女性利益的运动。 (1998: xix)

两部早期选集对亚裔美国女性主义的形成非常重要:《激起波澜》(加利福尼亚亚裔妇女联合会 [AWUC] 1989)和《被禁止的针脚》(Lim & Tsutakawa 1989);它们都包括来自不同族裔和国家背景的作品,特别是中国、日本、菲律宾、韩国、越南和印度(Hill-Collins & Bilge 2016: 73)。在最近出版的名为《亚裔美国女性主义与有色人种政治》的卷子中,编辑 Lynn Fujiwara 和 Shireen Roshanravan 呈现了一系列文章,这些文章涌现于亚裔美国女性主义与有色人种联盟政治交汇处,围绕着有色人种女性主义学术的核心概念、方法和认识原则展开组织(Fujiwara & Roshanravan 2018)。

亚裔美国女性的过度可见性是大多数亚裔美国女性主义项目中的一个核心问题。一些亚裔美国女性主义理论家,如罗宾·郑(Robin Zheng),认为亚裔美国女性之所以过度可见,是因为她们被过度性感化、东方化和异化。罗宾·郑(2016)在《为什么黄热病并不令人愉悦:反对种族偏好的案例》中讨论了过度可见性的复杂性。郑认为,“黄热病”(指对亚洲女性和男性的种族偏好和偏爱)与她所称的“仅仅是偏好的论点”之间几乎没有区别,后者试图声称对某些种族特征有偏好并没有道德上的错误;正如她所展示的,无论种族偏好的起源如何,黄热病和其他种族偏好都会“使其对象非人化和异化”(2016: 412)。郑指出,这些偏好不仅仅是无害的个人偏好,而是一套实践和思维模式,导致亚裔美国女性遭受负面社会影响。与此相关的是,亚裔美国女性也因“模范少数族群神话”而过度可见,即这种神话声称亚裔美国人独特勤奋,因此是理想的“模范”少数族群,尤其是与其他少数族群相比。这种神话使亚裔美国女性成为一个被定义为能够实现上升阶层流动的人群的一部分(K. 李 2014)。

亚裔美国女性在各种女性主义运动和话语中也被视为隐形。亚裔美国女性关于隐形性的讨论与欧陆哲学内关于可见性和女性抹杀的其他讨论有所不同,因为她们既是隐形主体,又是刻板印象的过度可见代表。诗人和活动家山田光惠(Mitsuye Yamada)指出,亚裔美国女性是“隐形的可见少数族裔”(1981b)。山田的这一说法有两层含义:首先,是指亚裔美国女性在有关有色人种压迫的对话中被视为隐形;其次,是指亚裔美国女性经历的压迫往往对她们自己而言是隐形的。为了在女性主义理论中开辟自己的空间,本书中的亚裔美国女性分享了展示自己变得对自己可见的斗争故事,而她们生存在一个不断要求她们隐形的世界。山田解释了她对自己的隐形,因为她实行被动抵抗,同时相信别人并不把她视为亚裔美国女性的刻板印象。为了让自己和他人看见,她意识到自己必须采取行动,比如对性别主义和种族主义行为展示愤怒,而这种行为会被压迫性的凝视认为是“不符合”她作为亚裔美国女性的特征(1981b: 40)。同时,模范少数族裔的神话也会矛盾地使亚裔美国女性隐形,因为它们被视为成功的典范,被认为缺乏压迫和暴力经历,因此没有资格谈论这些生活经历。

由于这种特定形式的隐形,亚裔美国女权主义者提出了新的政治组织方法,以便将亚裔美国妇女的声音纳入女权主义联盟。跨越近二十年的写作之间的相似之处指向了亚裔美国女权主义者面临的诸多问题之一:亚裔美国女权主义者经常被视为一个简单地作为背景群体存在的群体,正如山田所描述的,“只是跟随”女权主义理论反对压迫(1981b: 40)。换句话说,亚裔美国妇女经常被视为很少经历特定于其自身身份的压迫的个体,因此在反对压迫方面没有立足之地。作为回应,我们可以看到像格雷斯·李·博格斯这样的活动人士,他们与其他有色人种密切合作,共同抗击不同的压迫(Boggs & Boggs 1974; 1998 [2016]; Boggs & Kurashige 2011);Lisa Lowe 关于亚裔美国妇女经历的异质性、混杂性和多政策的论文(Lowe 1991);以及最近的亚裔美国女权主义项目,这些项目将亚裔美国妇女纳入解放性项目,而不仅仅将她们排斥为跟随者(Shah 1998; Fujiwara & Roshanravan, 2018)。

亚裔美国女性主义领域的越来越多的近期作品通过东方哲学框架和亚裔美国女性视角与欧陆哲学中的人物和主题互动,为一个真正的跨欧陆女性主义提供了新的方向。例如,基于欧陆女性主义关于性别的讨论,像 Kyoo Lee(2014)和 Robin Wang(2016)这样的思想家探讨了性别化身体被讨论的不同方式。Kyoo Lee 在《道德经》中探讨了“黑暗女性动物”(xuapin)的概念,探讨了 xuapin 的革命潜力,她声称 xuapin 具有颠覆性别的力量。Lee 认为 xuapin 展示了

在某种意义上,女性和女性气质的优越性——作为规范,尽管是看不见和听不见的

并且这是 (CCCC)

性别弯曲:一度是女性,一度不是女性,一度是异性恋化,一度不是异性恋化。(K. Lee 2014: 59)

王通过多种东方和西方来源调查阴阳性别动态,以回答阴阳性别构建是否能实现性别平等。王提到了欧陆哲学家,如西蒙娜·德·波伏儂、朱迪斯·巴特勒和吕斯·伊里加雷等,讨论了通过中国框架(阴阳)探索性别的问题,该框架不明确区分性别和性别。王认为,阴阳性别构建提供了对性别关系的动态和流动描述(Wang 2016: 224)。

欧陆哲学中的结论和新方向

这篇文章列举了一些欧陆哲学方法和人物被用来探讨女性主义议题的方式;我们试图描述一些欧陆女性主义研究领域,并指出它在过去几十年中所走的新方向。然而,由于我们无法涵盖所有正在进行的重要工作,这个列表仍然是不完整的。一个更完整的条目需要包括关于欧陆女性主义与批判性残障研究、土著女性主义以及新物质主义和人文主义交叉的项目。此外,我们并不是要暗示这里每个部分标题下分组的主题或人物之间没有重叠或交叉。最后,我们当然也意识到有一些我们不知道的正在对女性主义学术的现在和未来产生影响的工作。因此,我们在这里的结论并不是用总结性陈述来定义欧陆女性主义,而是通过反思欧陆女性主义的物质条件来结束。

当琳达·马丁·阿尔科夫(Linda Martín Alcoff)在 2012 年向东部美国哲学协会发表讲话时,她反思了学科哲学中的紧张和问题,并敦促哲学家们“将我们的诊断冲动应用于自身”(Alcoff 2013: 43)。考虑到这里所考虑的系谱,对于欧陆哲学中的女性主义者来说,这种实践的必要方面由奥德·洛德(Audre Lorde)所体现,她在 1979 年在“个人即政治小组讨论会”上发表讲话时表示

我敦促我们每个人都深入自己内心的知识深处,触摸那种存在的恐惧和厌恶任何不同之处。看看它究竟是谁的面孔。(Lorde 1984a: 101)

洛德呼吁女性主义者在种族主义、性别歧视、异性恋歧视、阶级歧视和能力主义权力的不同涉及背景下,对自己的具体生活和自我感进行谦卑而坦诚的对抗。与其想象自己戴上思考帽子,然后反思“作为一个理论家”,再摘下帽子行事“作为一个普通人”,欧陆哲学建议,进行理论化的主体始终是一个具体的主体:Kris Sealey 提醒我们,“欧陆方法在种族和性别轴线上经常会有不同的折射”,因此,欧陆女性主义者应“有意识地对他们与种族和性别解放的关系同时占据的位置进行思考”(Sealey 2017: 166)。正如本文所示,欧陆女性主义思想的多样性是通过对许多不同斗争的深思熟虑的协商而发展起来的。为了让欧陆女性主义的想象社区继续增长并支持这些项目,必须不断为新的从业者腾出空间。因为正如我们所提到的,欧陆女性主义更关注的是改变女性在象征或社会体系中的地位,而不是颠覆这个体系本身,这个学术社区的成员必须继续努力,使彼此之间的学习成为可能。只有这样,欧陆女性主义才能充分展现其跨学科潜力。

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Acknowledgments

The SEP editors would like to thank Dilek Huseyinzadegan, Jana McAuliffe, Tamsin Kimoto, and Jennifer Hansen for helping us to organize the team of coauthors who contributed sections to this entry. We note their contribution and acknowledgments as follows. Section 1 (“Introduction”) is authored by Dilek Huseyinzadegan, who thanks Jana McAuliffe and Marie Draz; Section 2 (“Themes and Characteristics of Continental Feminism”) is authored by Jana McAuliffe; Section 3 (“Black Feminist Thought”) is authored by Jameliah Inga Shorter-Bourhanou; Section 4 (“Post- and Decolonial Thought”) is authored by Selin Ege Islekel; Section 5 (“Queer Theory/Queer of Color Critique”) is authored by Marie Draz; Section 6 (“Trans Studies”) is co-authored by Marie Draz and Tamsin Kimoto; Section 7 (“Asian American Feminist Thought”) is authored by Erika Brown, who thanks Tamsin Kimoto; Section 8 (“Conclusion and New Directions”) is co-authored by Jana McAuliffe and Dilek Huseyinzadegan. Authors also thank Sarah Lee for helping with editing the penultimate version of the entry.

Copyright © 2020 by Dilek Huseyinzadegan <dhuseyin1@emory.edu> Jana McAuliffe <jxmcauliffe@ualr.edu> Jameliah Inga Shorter-Bourhanou <jshorter@holycross.edu> B. Tamsin Kimoto <tamsin.kimoto@goucher.edu> Ege Selin Islekel <eislekel@fordham.edu> Marie Draz <mdraz@sdsu.edu> Erika Brown <ebrown43@villanova.edu>

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